Housing cost and affordability by country

Rent measured against two different incomes at once: the caller's remote income and the local median wage. The gap between those shares is the arbitrage. Also price-to-income and price-to-rent, each expressed as a percentage of that country's own long-run average (127% means 27% less affordable than its historical norm) rather than as an absolute ratio, so comparing two countries' percentages against each other is meaningless. Euro-area mortgage rates from the ECB; outside the euro area the field is absent rather than approximated. Every row carries rentBasis: measured rows use real published Eurostat city rents (Spain, Portugal, Switzerland), modelled rows are derived from the site's price basket, which against Eurostat's housing price level errs in both directions - understating by up to ~36% where housing has decoupled from the general price level (Ireland, Denmark, Czechia) and overstating by ~60% in Turkiye. National averages; not a quote for any tenancy, and not financial advice.