Planet events as dated instants: the Mercury and Venus apparition cycle with its current state, the conjunctions with the Sun, quadratures and oppositions of Mars to Neptune, and IAU constellation entries for all seven

The instant to evaluate. ISO 8601: a date (2026-06-21), or a date and time with an optional seconds, fraction and either Z or a numeric UTC offset (+hh:mm, no seconds). No offset and no tz reads as UTC. Or jd: followed by a Julian Day on the UT scale, read as UTC whatever tz says: jd:2461000.5 is 2025-11-21T00:00:00Z. Reliable from 1700 to 2200.

The start of a range query, inclusive. ISO 8601: a date (2026-06-21), or a date and time with an optional seconds, fraction and either Z or a numeric UTC offset (+hh:mm, no seconds). No offset and no tz reads as UTC. Or jd: followed by a Julian Day on the UT scale, read as UTC whatever tz says: jd:2461000.5 is 2025-11-21T00:00:00Z. Reliable from 1700 to 2200.

The end of a range query. A row landing exactly on end is NOT returned: the window is [start, end). Every endpoint's rule is published as data under limits.range_boundaries in /v2/conventions. ISO 8601: a date (2026-06-21), or a date and time with an optional seconds, fraction and either Z or a numeric UTC offset (+hh:mm, no seconds). No offset and no tz reads as UTC. Or jd: followed by a Julian Day on the UT scale, read as UTC whatever tz says: jd:2461000.5 is 2025-11-21T00:00:00Z. Reliable from 1700 to 2200.

A single planet: one of mercury, venus, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune. Mutually exclusive with bodies. The Sun, the Moon, Pluto, named stars and radec: targets are refused with BODY_NOT_SUPPORTED_HERE.

A comma-separated list of planets, any of mercury, venus, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune. Default venus,mercury. Mutually exclusive with body.

A comma-separated list of event kinds, any of inferior_conjunction, superior_conjunction, greatest_elongation_east, greatest_elongation_west, peak_magnitude, transit_of_mercury, transit_of_venus, conjunction_with_sun, quadrature_west, opposition, quadrature_east, constellation_entry. Omit it for each body's own family: the seven apparition kinds for Mercury and Venus, and conjunction_with_sun, quadrature_west, opposition and quadrature_east for Mars to Neptune, the instants the planet's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude minus the Sun's reaches 0, 270, 180 and 90 deg. constellation_entry, each crossing of an IAU constellation boundary, applies to every planet and is returned only when listed. A kind none of the requested bodies can have is ignored with a parameter_ignored warning.

Latitude in decimal degrees, north positive. No compass suffix (do not append N or S). Required together with lon, or neither.

Longitude in decimal degrees, east positive. No compass suffix (do not append E or W). Required together with lat, or neither.

Observer elevation above mean sea level, in metres. Raises the observer on a locally flat plateau; sea-horizon dip is not modeled.

A place name (place=London), a name with a country (place=Cambridge,GB), or a stable identifier from GET /v2/places (place=id:us-n35198-w111651). Supplies lat, lon and, unless tz is also sent, the time zone. Mutually exclusive with sending lat and lon directly. Withheld unless GET /v2 reports capabilities.place_lookup true.

best guesses the intended place when a name is ambiguous and reports the guess as a warning. error refuses an ambiguous name with 400 AMBIGUOUS_PLACE and the candidates in supported. Only meaningful with place.

An IANA time zone name, for example Europe/London or America/Chicago. Numeric offsets and abbreviations are not accepted. Governs how a date-only or offset-free at/start/end is read, and how local instants are rendered when time_format=iso. Before 1970 the tz database records the history of a zone for its principal location only, and some names are links to another zone: the tz_source_boundary_1970 warning names whose history was used, and tzdb_lmt_interval marks a local mean time. Neither changes an offset.

How to resolve a local time that a clock repeated, such as the return from daylight saving. error refuses with 409 AMBIGUOUS_LOCAL_TIME.

How to resolve a local time that never happened, such as inside a spring-forward gap. error refuses with 400 NONEXISTENT_LOCAL_TIME.

How instants are rendered: iso for ISO 8601 strings carrying the effective offset, or unix for integer seconds since the epoch. An ISO offset has no seconds field, so an instant in a pre-1972 local mean time era whose offset has seconds (Moscow +02:30:17 until 1916) is written in UTC with a Z; utc_offset_seconds stays exact, utc_offset_iso rounds it to the nearest minute, and the tzdb_lmt_interval warning says so.

Response representation. Each endpoint serves a subset of json, csv and txt; see that operation's description for the exact list, or GET /v2 for every endpoint's formats array. An unsupported value is 400 BAD_FORMAT with the accepted list in supported.

Comma-separated dot paths into data (for example moon.phase_name,moon.illumination) so only those fields are returned. Up to 64 paths; an array element is addressed by its object key, never by index.

nested returns the documented object tree. flat returns one object with dotted keys, format=json only.

Decimal places for numeric fields.

Whether the JSON body is indented (1) or compact (0). Has no effect on csv or txt.

full includes prose notes, frame definitions and withheld-field reasons in meta. compact keeps every value and every machine-readable name and drops the prose.

See the endpoint description at /api/reference.html.

An opaque, unsigned pagination token copied verbatim from a previous response's links.next. Never construct one by hand; a malformed or foreign cursor is 400 BAD_CURSOR.